On Absence and Existence of the Anomalous Localized Resonance without the Quasi-static Approximation

The paper considers the transmission problems for Helmholtz equation with bodies that have negative material parameters. Such material parameters are used to model metals on optical frequencies and so-called metamaterials. As the absorption of the materials in the model tends to zero the fields may blow up. When the speed of the blow up is suitable, this is called the Anomalous Localized Reconance (ALR). In this paper we study this phenomenon and formulate a new condition, the weak Anomalous Localized Reconance (w-ALR), where the speed of the blow up of fields may be slower. Using this concept, we can study the blow up of fields in the presence of negative material parameters without the commonly used quasi-static approximation. We give simple geometric conditions under which w-ALR or ALR may, or may not appear. In particular, we show that in a case of a curved layer of negative material with a strictly convex boundary neither ALR nor w-ALR appears with non-zero frequencies (i.e. in the dynamic range) in dimensions $d\ge 3$. In the case when the boundary of the negative material contains a flat subset we show that the w-ALR always happens with some point sources in dimensions $d\ge 2$. These results, together with the earlier results of Milton et al. ( [22, 23]) and Ammari et al. ([2]) show that for strictly convex bodies ALR may appear only for bodies so small that the quasi-static approximation is realistic. This gives limits for size of the objects for which invisibility cloaking methods based on ALR may be used.Comment: 30 pages, 7 figure

Future software organizations – agile goals and roles

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Future smart energy software houses

Software is the key enabling technology (KET) as digitalization is cross-cutting future energy systems spanning the production sites, distribution networks, and consumers particularly in electricity smart grids. In this paper, we identify systematically what particular software competencies are required in the future energy systems focusing on electricity system smart grids. The realizations of that can then be roadmapped to specific software capabilities of the different future software houses' across the networks. Our instrumental method is software competence development scenario path construction with environmental scanning of the related systems elements. The vision of future software-enabled smart energy systems with software houses is mapped with the already progressing scenarios of energy systems transitions on the one hand coupled with the technology foresight of software on the other hand. Grounding on the Smart Grid Reference Architecture Model (SGAM), it tabulates the distinguished software competencies and attributes them to the different partiesincluding customers/consumers (Internet of People, IoP)involved in future smart energy systems. The resulting designations can then be used to recognize and measure the necessary software competencies (e.g., fog computing) in order to be able to develop them in-house, or for instance to partner with software companies, depending on the future desirability. Software-intensive systems development competence becomes one of the key success factors for such cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS). Further futures research work is chartered with the Futures Map frame. This paper contributes preliminarily toward that by identifying pictures of the software-enabled futures and the connecting software competence-based scenario paths.Peer reviewe

On Absence and Existence of the Anomalous Localized Resonance without the Quasi-static Approximation

This paper considers transmission problems for the Helmholtz equation with bodies that have negative material parameters. Such material parameters are used to model metals on optical frequencies and so-called metamaterials. As the absorption of the materials in the model tends to zero, the fields may blow up. When the speed of the blow up is suitable, this is called the anomalous localized resonance (ALR). In this paper we study this phenomenon and formulate a new condition, the weak anomalous resonance (w-AR), where the speed of the blow up of fields may be slower. Using this concept, we can study the blow up of fields in the presence of negative material parameters without the commonly used quasi-static approximation. We give simple geometric conditions under which w-AR or ALR may or may not appear. In particular, we show that in a case of a curved layer of negative material with a strictly convex boundary, neither ALR nor w-AR appears with nonzero frequencies (i.e., in the dynamic range) in dimensions d >= 3. In the case when the boundary of the negative material contains a flat subset, we show that w-AR always happens with some point sources in dimensions d >= 2.Peer reviewe

Luonnontieteellisten käsitelainojen esiintyminen organisaatioteorioiden käsitteellisinä malleina

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan luonnontieteellisten lainakäsitteiden käyttöä organisaatioteorioissa, sitä miten käsitelainat ovat vaikuttaneet organisaatioteorioiden maailmankuvaan ja käsitteenmuodostukseen. Lisäksi tutkitaan, kuinka näistä lainakäsitteistä on muodostettu organisaatioteorioiden tarpeisiin käsitteellisiä malleja, joita voidaan verrata kaunokirjallisuuden analogioihin ja metaforiin. Lainakäsitteet ja niistä muodostetut käsitteelliset mallit on valittu tutkimuskohteeksi, koska tutkijoiden käsitteellinen ajattelu ja tutkimuskohteiden havainnointi on vahvasti kiinni kielessä. Tutkimuksen tekstiaineistojen analyysivälineenä on käytetty Paul Ricoeurin metodologista hermeneutiikkaa. Metodologisen hermeneutiikan pohjalta tieteellisten tekstiaineistojen analysoinnin apuvälineeksi luotiin kolmitasoinen lukuohje: esiymmärrys, tekstin kertoma ja tekstin tulkinta. Lisäksi aineistojen analyysin tueksi luotiin kaunokirjallisten tekstien analogioiden ja metaforien vastineeksi käsitteellisen mallin -käsite. Tutkimukseen valittuja aineistotekstejä tarkastellaan luvuissa neljä ja viisi. Neljännen luvun aineistoteksteinä on lähinnä resurssiriippuvuusteoriaan vaikuttaneita organisaatioteorioita: organisaatioekologisia teorioita ja systeemiteorioita. Luvussa viisi käsiteltävinä aineistoteksteinä ovat avaintekstiksi nimetty resurssiriippuvuusteoria (Pfeffer & Salancik 1978; 2003) ja sen vertailuparina populaatioekologinen teoria (Aldrich 1979; 2008). Tutkimuksen tuloksista voidaan nostaa esille seuraavia pääkohtia. Tutkimuksen aineistoteksteissä organisaatio tulee rinnastetuksi ympäristönsä kanssa vuorovaikutuksessa toimivaan organismiin. Toisaalta, useamman organisaatioteorian taustaoletukseksi tai runkojuoneksi on sovitettu evoluutioteorian luonnonvalintaoppi. Nämä esimerkit muiden tulosten ohella antavat mahdollisuuden tulkintaan, jossa resurssiriippuvuusteorian kohdalla yksittäisen organisaation muutokseen voidaan hakea rinnastus kehitysbiologiaan siinä kuin populaatioekologisen teorian kohdalla organisaatiopopulaation muutokseen voidaan hakea rinnastus lisääntymisbiologiaan. Ihmisen sosiaalinen toiminta tulee tutkimusaineistossa monin tavoin rinnastetuksi luonnonilmiöihin ja -lainalaisuuksiin. Käytetty kieli tekee organisaation ja organisaatioiden toiminnan todeksi, joten siinä missä tutkijoiden käyttämä kieli kuvaa organisaatiorakenteita ja -toimintaa niin siinä se myös tuottaa niitä. Saatuja tutkimustuloksia voidaan hallintotieteissä hyödyntää organisaatioihin liittyvissä kompleksisuus-, strategia-, verkosto- ja vuorovaikutustutkimuksissa. Tutkimuksen aineiston mukaan luonnontieteellisistä käsitelainoista muodostetut käsitteelliset mallit ovat rikastuttaneet tutkimuksessa tarkasteltujen teorioiden käsitteellistä ajattelua, tuotettua tietoa ja käytettyä kieltä. Lisäksi näiden käsitelainojen käyttö organisaatioteorioissa viittaa ihmisen kykyyn hyödyntää keräämäänsä luonnontieteellistä tietoa yli tiederajojen. Samalla käsitteellisten mallien käyttö viittaa maailmankuvaan, jonka mukaan ihmisellä on luonnontieteellisen tiedon haltijana kyky hyödyntää luonto- tai toimintaympäristöään siinä kuin hänellä on sosiaalisena olentona kyky sopeutua hallitusti tähän ympäristöön.This study examines use of loan concepts of the natural science in organisation theories and, how these loan concepts had influences on creating concepts to organisation theories. In detail study asks, how these loan concepts had form a conceptual models - parallel to metaphors and analogies in fiction - in organisation theories. Conceptual models which are forming of loan concepts had chosen research topic, because scientists’ conceptual thinking and observation of a research objects are influence of and depending on use of narrative language. For a purpose of analysis researcher developed reading instruction to a scientific text materials guided by Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics. This tool of analysis includes three steps of mimesis: preunderstanding, content (or world) of a text and interpretation. Also through Ricoeur’s hermeneutics formed idea of a conceptual model to support reading of a scientific texts. Selected organisation ecology theories and system theories are examines in chapter four. Theories are selected based on a connection to the resource dependence theory which is key theory in this study. In chapter five one makes comparison between the resource dependence theory (Pfeffer & Salancik 1978; 2003) and the population ecology theory (Aldrich 1979; 2008) to highlight differences and similarity of micro and macro level organisation theories. Main results of chapter four could add up in two points. First, organisation which resemble of a self-regulating system could take as an organism. On the other hand, the theorem of natural selection of evolution theory has main part of a narrative in organisation ecology theories and system theories. Further on in chapter five one see at organisational change resemble of developmental biology in the resource dependence theory, and in the population ecology theory organisational change resemble of reproduction biology. In this study one found out that researchers of organisation had paralleled a socio-cultural activity with a natural phenomenon or a law of nature. It seems one could assume that used language describe as much as created organisations and organisational actions. In administrative science acquired research results could use to a complexity, strategy, network and interaction research. Based on research results it could be argue that conceptual models formed from a loan concepts of natural sciences have enriches conceptual ideas, produced knowledge and used language of organisation theories. It seems that researchers of social sciences have good abilities to utilised basic knowledge of natural sciences on their own purposes. Further on one could argue that social scientists share same scientific world view with natural scientists

Agile software development in large-scale new product development organization: team level perspective

Many modern intelligent products and systems (e.g., automotive, consumer electronics, telecommunications) contain more and more embedded software. Often the new product development (NPD) companies developing such products operate under turbulent circumstances stemming from the business environment, technology development and other, even disruptive sources. The embedded software development functions of such NPD organizations then face the uncertainties directly or indirectly, often coupled with time-to-market, quality and productivity pressures. Agile software development has been advocated as a new way of coping with such circumstances in particular with small independent teams developing customer-driven software products. This thesis investigates in contrast how it can be utilized with embedded software development teams in large-scale market-driven industrial NPD context. The exploratory, problem-driven research process is based on interpretive design science and action research principles. The author worked as a full-time software quality and process development specialist employee inside the case organization, thus acting as a reflective practitioner. The longitudinal study research cycles were conducted over several years in that particular NPD organization context. The cycle viewpoints evolved from first recognizing typical software project problems and uncertainties, and developing certain solutions to software team knowledge management and software process model selection. This development led to consider, what problems current agile software methods address. The realization of agile software development was then further examined with respect to the cost factors, and finally towards integrating agile software product development teams into larger-scale NPD organization. The main result of this research is that agile software development models address many typical key issues in large-scale industrial NPD context, and the cost/benefit factors are in principle justifiable. However, if agile software methods are applied just bottom-up trying to integrate isolated agile software teams into larger organizational context, this inside-out approach leads often to problems with organizational barriers and impediments. Thus, in order to be able to leverage the potential benefits, agile software development should be approached more from the strategic business perspective (outside-in), viewing the software development functions as elements of the total value-creation system in the NPD organization. Different software development (project) teams may have different roles and needs for agility in this complex over time. The contributions imply that rational software team-level improvements require in many cases wider, even enterprise-level perspectives in creating and improving the agile capabilities of the NPD organization. It is thus fundamental to conceptualize agility in the NPD context by combining software development with the overall NPD processes. In particular in large organizations, the improvements may require more actions at the organizational level than in software teams

Thrips (Thysanoptera) from dead aspen (Populus tremula) trees in Eastern Finland

Thrips were collected from dead aspens (Populus tremula) using trunk-window traps at two forest areas in Eastern Finland during 2001 and 2002.We collected 156 individuals of 23 species (15 Terebrantia; 8 Tubulifera). Four of the species – all Tubulifera – were previously unknown from Finland, and two unknown from Fennoscandia, indicating that the thrips fauna of this area is poorly known. Three of these species, Hoplothrips carpathicus Pelikán, Liophloeothrips glaber Priesner and L. hungaricus (Priesner) are fungivores, while Lispothrips crassipes (Jablonowski) is an arboreal herbivore. The species assemblages of the study areas are compared and a list presented of all species collected

Energizing collaborative industry‑academia learning: a present case and future visions

In Industry-Academia Collaborations (IAC) both academic, scientific research results and industrial practitioner findings and experiences are produced. Both types of knowledge should be gathered, codified, and disseminated efficiently and effectively. This paper investigates a recent (2014-2017) large-scale IAC R&D&I program case (Need for Speed, N4S) from a learning perspective. It was one of the programs in the Finnish SHOK (Strategic Centres of Science, Technology, and Innovation) system. The theoretical bases are in innovation management, knowledge management, and higher education (university) pedagogy. In the future, IAC projects should be more and more commonplace since major innovations are hardly ever done in isolation, not even by the largest companies. Both intra-organizational and inter-organizational learning networks are increasingly critical success factors. Collaborative learning capabilities will thus be required more often from all the participating parties. Efficient and effective knowledge creation and sharing are underpinning future core competencies. In this paper, we present and evaluate a collaboratively created and publicly shared digital knowledge repository called "Treasure Chest" produced during our case program. The starting point was a jointly created Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA), which defined the main research themes and listed motivating research questions to begin with-i.e., intended learning outcomes (ILO). During the 4-year program, our collaborative industry-academia (I-A) learning process produced a range of theoretical and empirical results, which were iteratively collected and packaged into the Treasure Chest repository. Outstandingly, it contained, in addition to traditional research documents, narratives of the industrial learning experiences and more than 100 actionable knowledge items. In conclusion, our vision of the future is that such transparently shared, ambitious, and versatile outcome goals with a continuous integrative collection of the results are keys to effective networked I-A collaboration and learning. In that way, the N4S largely avoided the general problem of often conflicting motives between industrial firms seeking answers and applied solutions to their immediate practical problems and academic researchers aiming at more generalizable knowledge creation and high-quality scientific publications.Peer reviewe